The Peculiarities of Social Learning Theory

Social Learning Theory The main aspects of the social learning theory also known as the social cognitive theory were developed by Albert Bandura and Walter Mischel in the 20th century. The theory is based on three main concepts and their correlation. These concepts are personality, environment, and behavior (Bandura, 1997). That is why the theory depends on the social perspectives and the ideas of behaviorists (Filingeri, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Peculiarities of Social Learning Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the theory, while observing definite models of behaviors, a person can think them over and behave in relation to these models. Thus, a man learns these behaviors in the social context (environment) and imitates them in his behavior. Moreover, the environmental and cognitive factors are in a constant interaction and the other people’s models of behavior influence our reactions, attitudes, and actions (Bandura, 1997). This theory can be considered as credible with references to its main notions of reciprocal determinism and self-efficacy. Thus, many psychologists support the idea that an individual’s behavior is predominantly influenced by the environment and the interactions with other people and by personal traits which should be analyzed in their connection and interdependence. Mischel also adds such cognitive factors as expectancies, personal values and goals for forming the behavior (Filingeri, 2011). The social cognitive theory accounts for such aspects of personality as cognition (observation, analysis) and social behaviour according to definite models. Nevertheless, it does not include biological and hormonal factors which can influence the person’s attitude to the environment and his behavior without depending on the social context (Filingeri, 2011). That is why such major concepts of the social learning theor y as the idea that people can learn through observation and the impact of knowledge on the behavior can be argued. In their work, Cervone and Pervin accentuate that the aspects of the social cognitive theory developed by Bandura were too generalized with focusing on the average person and without paying attention to the variables in personalities. However, Mischel improved the description of the theory with working out the concepts of the variation patterns in the personal behaviour. Nevertheless, the social cognitive theory is still discussed as mainly basing on social aspects on which the cognitive factors depend without explaining the innate motivations for the actions (Cervone Pervin, 2010). Trait Theory In their researches, Gordon Allport and Hans Eysenck developed the opinion that a personality and the peculiarities of his or her behavior can be described with the help of discussing those traits which prevail in this personality (Filingeri, 2011). According to Allport’ s point of view, a trait can be considered as a stable characteristic of a personality (Allport, 2011).Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, it is necessary to pay attention to the fact that traits can be common (inherited, typical for all people) as well as unique (the features of their realization in the personal character). To analyze the peculiar features of traits and their influence on a personality, Allport determined three levels of the realization of traits in the personal character which are cardinal, central, and secondary traits (Allport, 2011). The main advantage of the theory is in the fact that it depends on the innate personal characteristics without focusing primarily on the social context, but considering it as the conditions for presenting the reactions. However, the discussion of five main aspects of personality or five main traits with their va riables as the main concepts of the trait theory (the Big Five) limited the theoretical considerations to the situation of analyzing the personality only according to these five traits without discussing the social context as the influential aspect. Thus, these major traits are extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, openness to experience, and dependability (Filingeri, 2011). In spite of the fact the trait theory accounts for personal physical, moral, and behavioral characteristics, they are considered as not equal in determining the personal behavior or reactions. The main accent is made on the moral aspect when the physical characteristic only accentuates the inherited nature of traits, and the behavioral factor is only necessary for understanding the realization the traits (Allport, 2011). Nevertheless, the investigations on the issues of the trait theory were conducted with basing on the examination of the peculiarities of the language and the usage of verbal characterization s for personalities and their traits, not the personal behavior (Filingeri, 2011). That is why this theory lacks the practical support for its main concepts. It is impossible to explain the impulsive and situational personal actions which cannot be considered as the part of the personality of this or that man with references to this theory. Thus, the theory does not account for immediate personal behaviors and reactions which are affected by the outside conditions (Filingeri, 2011). Evaluating the comprehensiveness of the trait theory, Cervone and Pervin concentrate on such aspects that the theory is rather inappropriate for explaining all the personality aspects because it focuses only on some of them. Moreover, it is impossible to consider a personality only according to his or her stable traits because the personality can change with the situation, and the theory does not discuss the causes for behavior which cannot be explained with focusing only on several traits of character ( Cervone Pervin, 2010).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Peculiarities of Social Learning Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Allport, G. (2011). Concepts of trait and personality. USA: Cambridge University Press. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy in changing societies. USA: Cambridge University Press. Cervone, D., Pervin, L.A. (2010). Personality: Theory and research. USA: Wiley. Filingeri, V. S. (2011). Comprehensive review of psychology. USA: First Edition Design. This research paper on The Peculiarities of Social Learning Theory was written and submitted by user Kaylen Y. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Robert Browning, Fra Lippo Lippi Essay Example

Robert Browning, Fra Lippo Lippi Essay Example Robert Browning, Fra Lippo Lippi Paper Robert Browning, Fra Lippo Lippi Paper Essay Topic: Watchmen What methods does Browning use to tell the poem Fra Lippo Lippi Line 1-39? Fra Lippo Lippi was written by Robert Browning in 1855. It is about a monk who called Lippi. When he sneaks out of the church he has been stopped by the watchmens in a drunken state also getting caught going into red district. As the watchmens tell him it was such a surprise finding him here, he drunkenly tells them his story to reassure him self that whatever he is doing is not as bad as the watchmens think it is. This poem by Robert Browning is an example of dramatic monologue which is written the Monks point of view, making him the dominant and the main character. The readers know this as the monk say in line 5 here you catch me at alleys end. When a poem is written in dramatic monologue form, it involves the speaker who reveals his character unintentionally while describing particular event or situation in order to build up a true picture of the actual events that took place by studying their language, tone and structure, Browning informs the readers that this poem takes in a form of dramatic monologue as he says I am poor brother Lippi, the use of poor can suggest to the readers that he is portraying himself as innocent. Brownings use of title Fra Lippo Lippi tells the readers that this poem by Robert Browning is about a Florentine painter who has a lot of passion for art through reading the title only. All throughout this poem, Browning has used a dialogue between the monk and the watch mens to engage the readers both in artistic and sexual sense of the monk. This poem falls in the form of black verse as the lines used are not in a rhyme scheme, which is known as the iambic pentameter. Browning has used blank verse in this poem to make this poem dramatic while using a dialogue between the two characters. He has used a running motif throughout the poem as he talks about love and Italian painters such as when he mentions Saint Laurence and Lisa referring to Mona Lisa. This poem is set in the present as the drunken monk says You need not clap your torches to my face however as the readers carry on, they are shown that when the monk explains his reasons for being seen in red light district, he takes the readers back in to the past as he says I was a baby when my mother died (line 81). The poem starts off with the monk getting caught by the watchmen in the middle of the action known as in media res which is a Latin phrase. Browning shows the readers that although he was a monk, he was not committed to his religion as he got drunk and visited where sportive ladies leave their doors ajar referring to the prostitutes. The watchmens are lighting their torches on him while asking him what he is doing there. Although their speech is not written, Browning is showing us what the watchmens are saying as the monk replies to their questions Zooks, whats to blame? You think you see a monk! this shows the readers that even the watchmens are confused as to why a monk would be in this area past midnight wanting some explanation from the monk who is trying to reassure himself that whatever he is doing is nothing wrong as he says to the watchmens whats to blame? . Browning use of question marks shows the readers through monks point of view that the watchmens are accusing him of something wrong he has done as he thinks he has done nothing wrong so they shouldnt be questioning him. Browning has also used caesura to makes this poem dramatic by pausing the monks speech in the middle of the line to pause him using different form of punctuations such as comma or a dash such as when the monk says Do- Harry out, if you must show your zeal, use of commas and dash in this line makes this poem even more effective to read for the readers making them pause, as Lippo is changing the tone of the poem. Also in this poem the monk mentions rats as he is trying to mock the watchmens with the use of metaphor. Browning uses metaphor as a figure of speech in line (9-11) informing the readers that he resembled the watchmens as rats. The monks speech used metaphor to explain his feelings towards them as he could not describe them in ordinary language. The use of onomatopoeia when the monk says weke, weke creates a harsh tone that the monk used to describe the watchmens voices. Onomatopoeia is often used in poems to create sound effects bringing the image to life. As he is referring them to rats, one of the watchmen grabs him by the throat as the monk informs the readers Your hand away thats fiddling on my throat to show that they were very aggressive. The monk tells them that before you take any action upon me, get to know me. He threatens the watchmens as he tells them he knows a master a Cosimo of the Medici. Cosimo of Medici was the rule of Florence, Italy, the monk uses his name so that the watchmens leave him alone as well as threatening them as he was well known in that area. As soon as the monk threatens the watchmens, he starts to show his power and authority over them making them look bad for being aggressive as he says Remember and tell me, the day youre hanged. Browning has also used archaic language in this poem to inform the readers about the period it what written in as he mentions Zooks throughout the poem which is not often used today. This poem is also written in conversation tone to capture the readers intention. Browning makes another use of metaphor as he says Are we pilchards that they sweep the streets and count fair prize what comes into their net? referring himself to a fish and the watchmen who are with him as fishermen and how they sweep the streets. A metaphor is used in this sentence to create a realistic image in the readers mind while describing his emotions and feelings that he has. Browning has also used enjambments in this poem to make the reader read the sentences in fast pace as well as creating a sense of motion as monk says Id like his face His, elbowing on his comrade in the door With the pike and the lantern, for the slaves that holds John Baptists head a-dangle by the hair With one hand And his weapon in the other, yet unwiped! The monk here is saying to one of the watchmens that he would like to draw him as a slave of John Baptist who was a Christian leader. Browning in this entire poem has used a lot of alliteration, enjambments and the used of metaphors to create a deeper meaning of this poem. Throughout the poem the readers see that although the monk is meant to commit himself to God, he is walking in the streets at midnight drinking and visiting the sportive ladies. Many of Browning poems show his deep religiosity and strong optimistic feelings such as the Patriot as well as this poem when the monk says Lord, I am not angry.

Historical Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Historical Analysis - Essay Example These literary licenses do not majorly diminish the utility of the work as a historical record. To the contrary they condense and encapsulate British soldiers’ experiences. The book proves to be both intellectually engaging and technically satisfying, while not compromising on history. This essay will argue that while accommodating the imperatives of the novel form, Regeneration does not compromise on historical veracity. Firstly, an attractive feature of the novel is the manner in which it synthesizes real events across the realms of society, politics and the battlefield. For example, the renowned Dr. W.H.R. Rivers was the incumbent army psychiatrist at the Craiglockhart War Hospital during the war. It was true that he attended to poet Siegfried Sassoon as one of the patients. Sassoon had been diagnosed with ‘shell-shock’ - what in modern parlance would be Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). But there was a political conspiracy behind this event. Earlier, Sassoon had openly protested against the war and conscientiously objected to participating in it. Understanding the power and reach of a public intellectual like Sassoon, the powers that be sought to undermine his credibility by attributing a mental illness to him. But this would prove to be a blessing in disguise in retrospect, as Sassoon was able to mentor and inspire Wilfred Owen at Craiglockhart, where the latter was recuperatin g from war-related stress. Indeed, Owen would go on to overtake Sassoon as a legend of war poetry. These are real historical events that have shaped twentieth century culture, especially literary and political discourse. They have all been faithfully captured by Barker in her novel, albeit by taking some liberties over certain descriptive aspects of these events. In terms of shortcomings, Regeneration does not serve as a detailed biographical account of Sassoon’s or Owen’s life. Certain important facets of their